Numismatic (coins and notes) investment
- Thread starter niftyoption
- Start date
British India, Queen Victoria (1837-1901), silver pattern Rupee, 11.26g, 1861, Calcutta, plain edge, die axis ^^, crowned bust left with single arches to crown and traces of signature l c wyon below bust, rev. one rupee - india 1861 within floral wreath, top flower rising from two bracts (KM.-; Pr. 51; S&W.4.34), minor obverse abrasions, good extremely fine, rare.
Estimate: £3,500.00 - £4,500.00 (4,50,000 Indian Rupees value in international market)
Microbial Contamination of Currency Notes and Coins in Circulation: A Potential Public Health Hazard
A Paper currency note is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide and it was first developed in China.
An individual living in unhygienic conditions having unhygienic habits will contaminate the notes with bacteria and these notes will act as a vehicle delivering bacteria to contaminate the hands of the next user.
improper hand washing after using the toilet, counting paper notes using saliva, coughing and sneezing on hands then exchanging money, and placement or storage of paper notes on dirty surfaces leads to the contamination and these notes will act as a vehicle delivering bacteria to contaminate the hands of the next user.
The money makes for easy transfer of microorganisms and thus cross contamination. Paper notes of currency which is handled by a large number of people, under a variety of personal and environmental conditions thus increase the possibility of acting as environmental vehicle for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms. Accumulated data obtained over the last 20 years on the microbial status and survival of pathogen on currency notes indicate that this could represent a potential cause of sporadic cases of food borne illness.
The lower the index values of the money, the higher the microbial contamination of the currency. They further showed that the age of the notes and the material that was used to produce the notes influence the number of microbial contamination. Lower denomination notes harbor the greatest bulk of infectious agents since they are exchanged more than higher denomination notes.
Several studies have reported bacterial contamination from 60% to as much as 100% on tested paper currencies.
Study conducted on India rupee, Bangladesh Teka, Iraqi and Ghanaian Currency Notes were contaminated with 100% by pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Eighty-eight percent of the Saudi one Riyal paper note, 96.25% of Palestine banknote, 69% of Mexico, 91.1% Colombian bills, 90% of South African banknotes were contaminated with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria with mixed bacterial growth. Currency notes in circulation are contaminated with various microbial agents of which most are resistant to commonly used antibiotics and therefore represents risks and public health hazards to the community and individuals handling currency notes.
Source : http://pubs.sciepub.com/bb/2/3/2/
A Paper currency note is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide and it was first developed in China.
An individual living in unhygienic conditions having unhygienic habits will contaminate the notes with bacteria and these notes will act as a vehicle delivering bacteria to contaminate the hands of the next user.
improper hand washing after using the toilet, counting paper notes using saliva, coughing and sneezing on hands then exchanging money, and placement or storage of paper notes on dirty surfaces leads to the contamination and these notes will act as a vehicle delivering bacteria to contaminate the hands of the next user.
The money makes for easy transfer of microorganisms and thus cross contamination. Paper notes of currency which is handled by a large number of people, under a variety of personal and environmental conditions thus increase the possibility of acting as environmental vehicle for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms. Accumulated data obtained over the last 20 years on the microbial status and survival of pathogen on currency notes indicate that this could represent a potential cause of sporadic cases of food borne illness.
The lower the index values of the money, the higher the microbial contamination of the currency. They further showed that the age of the notes and the material that was used to produce the notes influence the number of microbial contamination. Lower denomination notes harbor the greatest bulk of infectious agents since they are exchanged more than higher denomination notes.
Several studies have reported bacterial contamination from 60% to as much as 100% on tested paper currencies.
Study conducted on India rupee, Bangladesh Teka, Iraqi and Ghanaian Currency Notes were contaminated with 100% by pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Eighty-eight percent of the Saudi one Riyal paper note, 96.25% of Palestine banknote, 69% of Mexico, 91.1% Colombian bills, 90% of South African banknotes were contaminated with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria with mixed bacterial growth. Currency notes in circulation are contaminated with various microbial agents of which most are resistant to commonly used antibiotics and therefore represents risks and public health hazards to the community and individuals handling currency notes.
Source : http://pubs.sciepub.com/bb/2/3/2/
Interesting Facts You Probably Did Not Know About The Indian Rupee
1. 5,000 and 10,000 rupees notes were in circulation between 1954 and 1978
2. After Independence, Pakistan used Indian Rupee notes stamped with 'Pakistan' until it could print enough.
3. One rupee notes are issued by the Ministry of Finance and bear the signature of the Secretary.
4. The rupee was the currency of several other countries like Aden, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius in the early 20th Century.
5. ₹500 and ₹1000 notes are banned in Nepal.
6. At one time, 5 rupee coins were smuggled to Bangladesh for making razors.
7. To type the symbol of the rupee, you need to press 'Ctrl+Shift+$'.
8. Cost of minting a 10 ₹ coin is 6.10₹
Source :http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/indian-rupee-facts/?ref=social&type=fb&b=0
1. 5,000 and 10,000 rupees notes were in circulation between 1954 and 1978
2. After Independence, Pakistan used Indian Rupee notes stamped with 'Pakistan' until it could print enough.
3. One rupee notes are issued by the Ministry of Finance and bear the signature of the Secretary.
4. The rupee was the currency of several other countries like Aden, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius in the early 20th Century.
5. ₹500 and ₹1000 notes are banned in Nepal.
6. At one time, 5 rupee coins were smuggled to Bangladesh for making razors.
7. To type the symbol of the rupee, you need to press 'Ctrl+Shift+$'.
8. Cost of minting a 10 ₹ coin is 6.10₹
Source :http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/indian-rupee-facts/?ref=social&type=fb&b=0
Interesting Facts You Probably Did Not Know About The Indian Rupee
9. Because of shortage, the RBI has been forced to mint coins in foreign countries in the past.
10. It is possible to find out which place a particular coin was minted at by determining the mark below the date of minting with this table :
11. Apart from Hindi and English which appear on the front side of a note, 15 other languages appear on the reverse side.
12. If you have a torn note, or more than 51% of its torn part, you can exchange it for a new one at a bank.
13. In 1917, the ₹ was mightier than the $. 1 ₹= 13 USD to be precise.
14. All notes carry an imprint of something Indian. Like the 20₹ note carries the imprint of the Andaman Islands.
15. Zero rupee notes were issued by the NGO 5th Pillar to fight corruption.
Source :http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/indian-rupee-facts/?ref=social&type=fb&b=0
9. Because of shortage, the RBI has been forced to mint coins in foreign countries in the past.
10. It is possible to find out which place a particular coin was minted at by determining the mark below the date of minting with this table :
11. Apart from Hindi and English which appear on the front side of a note, 15 other languages appear on the reverse side.
12. If you have a torn note, or more than 51% of its torn part, you can exchange it for a new one at a bank.
13. In 1917, the ₹ was mightier than the $. 1 ₹= 13 USD to be precise.
14. All notes carry an imprint of something Indian. Like the 20₹ note carries the imprint of the Andaman Islands.
15. Zero rupee notes were issued by the NGO 5th Pillar to fight corruption.
Source :http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/indian-rupee-facts/?ref=social&type=fb&b=0
RBI's Clean Note Policy Still Remains a Dream ...
In my View (Niftyoption) First " RBI " start from Bank Cashiers ...we commonly watch those bank cashiers write on Currency Notes ..... they feel they have full Right ...and Daily they damage minimum 100 notes ..... RBI Should start purification methods from banks and if they watch CC TV Cameras they will find truth ...
Though the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a Clean Note Policy and asked the public and bankers not to staple currency notes or scribble on the watermark portion, its implementation remains difficult.
It was to provide the public good quality currency notes that the RBI issued the Clean Note Policy in November 2001. It also issued instructions from time to time to end stapling and use paper or polythene bands to increase the life of notes. The public were urged not to write on notes. Banks were instructed to sort notes into re-issuables and non-issuables and give only clean notes to the public.
“The watermark is a major security feature. If something is written on it, sorting machines will reject the note as bad. Sometimes, even those recently printed are rejected because of the writing. This is a waste in terms of printing cost,” said an RBI official.
The cost of printing a note varies from 66 paise to Rs 3.15, depending on the denomination (Rs 10-Rs 1000). The lifespan of the Rs 10 currency note is low as the circulation is high, but that of the Rs 1,000-note is high as its circulation is much less. In recent years, the circulation of the Rs 500 note has been increasing, said banking industry sources.
It has been almost 15 years since the Clean Note Policy was issued, but the objective is yet to be realised. Though there is not stapling now on 95 percent of notes, the public and even bankers, continue to write on the watermark portion, they say.
However, according to M V Rajan, general secretary, Coimbatore District Bank Employees Association, the Clean Note Policy has been implemented almost fully. Only a few people, due to lack of awareness, write on currency notes these days. There is no stapling of notes and they are bundled using paper bands.
Writing or stapling damages the note, especially the watermark portion, and reduces its lifespan, he pointed out.
A nationalized bank in North India recently put up a notice saying that a note with any extraneous writing would be considered a piece of paper with effect from June 30 and that such notes would not be accepted by the bank nor by the market.
However, this could be a move to discourage people from writing on notes as banks have not received any RBI circular about the June 30 deadline, say bankers.
Source :
http://www.newindianexpress.com/sta...Remains-a-Dream/2015/06/16/article2868492.ece
In my View (Niftyoption) First " RBI " start from Bank Cashiers ...we commonly watch those bank cashiers write on Currency Notes ..... they feel they have full Right ...and Daily they damage minimum 100 notes ..... RBI Should start purification methods from banks and if they watch CC TV Cameras they will find truth ...
Though the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a Clean Note Policy and asked the public and bankers not to staple currency notes or scribble on the watermark portion, its implementation remains difficult.
It was to provide the public good quality currency notes that the RBI issued the Clean Note Policy in November 2001. It also issued instructions from time to time to end stapling and use paper or polythene bands to increase the life of notes. The public were urged not to write on notes. Banks were instructed to sort notes into re-issuables and non-issuables and give only clean notes to the public.
“The watermark is a major security feature. If something is written on it, sorting machines will reject the note as bad. Sometimes, even those recently printed are rejected because of the writing. This is a waste in terms of printing cost,” said an RBI official.
The cost of printing a note varies from 66 paise to Rs 3.15, depending on the denomination (Rs 10-Rs 1000). The lifespan of the Rs 10 currency note is low as the circulation is high, but that of the Rs 1,000-note is high as its circulation is much less. In recent years, the circulation of the Rs 500 note has been increasing, said banking industry sources.
It has been almost 15 years since the Clean Note Policy was issued, but the objective is yet to be realised. Though there is not stapling now on 95 percent of notes, the public and even bankers, continue to write on the watermark portion, they say.
However, according to M V Rajan, general secretary, Coimbatore District Bank Employees Association, the Clean Note Policy has been implemented almost fully. Only a few people, due to lack of awareness, write on currency notes these days. There is no stapling of notes and they are bundled using paper bands.
Writing or stapling damages the note, especially the watermark portion, and reduces its lifespan, he pointed out.
A nationalized bank in North India recently put up a notice saying that a note with any extraneous writing would be considered a piece of paper with effect from June 30 and that such notes would not be accepted by the bank nor by the market.
However, this could be a move to discourage people from writing on notes as banks have not received any RBI circular about the June 30 deadline, say bankers.
Source :
http://www.newindianexpress.com/sta...Remains-a-Dream/2015/06/16/article2868492.ece
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